I. Overview?
Flammulina sinensis is a scientific name for hairy bacterium, commonly known as koji, oyster mushroom, and winter mushroom, and belongs to the genus Flammulina, which belongs to the genus Agaricaceae. Flammulina velutipes is widely distributed in nature and is distributed in China, Japan, Russia, Europe, North America, and Australia. In our country, Heilongjiang is in the north, Yunnan is in the south, Jiangsu is in the east, and Xinjiang is suitable for the growth of the mushroom. ? Flammulina does not contain chlorophyll, does not have photosynthesis, does not produce carbohydrates, and can grow completely in a dark environment. It must absorb ready-made organic substances such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fat degradants from the medium. It is a saprophytic nutrient type. It is a heterotrophic organism and belongs to the basidiomycetes. Flammulina velutipes is a kind of wood saprophytic bacterium, which is easy to grow on the dry trunks and stumps of broad-leaved trees such as willow, alfalfa and poplar. Flammulina velutipes is an edible fungus cultivated in autumn and winter and early spring. It is famous for its smooth, tender, crisp, nutritious, and palatable taste. According to the determination, the amino acid content of Flammulina velutipes is very rich, higher than that of general mushrooms, especially the lysine content is particularly high, and lysine has the function of promoting children's intellectual development. Flammulina edulis contains 8.87% protein, 60.2% carbohydrate, and 7.4% crude fiber. Regular consumption can prevent and treat ulcer disease. Recent studies have also shown that a substance contained in Flammulina velutipes has a good anti-cancer effect. Flammulina is not only a delicious food, but also a good health food. The domestic and foreign markets of Flammulina velutipes are growing. Flammulina velutipes artificial cultivation technology is not complicated, as long as you can control the environmental conditions, it is easy to obtain a stable and reliable yield. ?
Second, biological characteristics?
1. Morphological characteristics? Flammulina velutipes is composed of two parts: vegetative organs (mycelium) and reproductive organs (fruiting bodies). ?
(1) The mycelium is made of spores. Under the conditions of artificial culture, the hyphae are usually white villous with cross-separation and branching. Many hyphae come together to form mycelium. Different from other edible fungi, mycelium grows into a large number of single-celled powdery spores (also known as conidia) after a certain period of time. Under appropriate conditions, it can germinate into mononuclear or double-nuclear mycelium. It was found in the experiment that the number of powdery spores in the mycelial phase of the mushroom was related to the quality of the mushroom, the quality of many strains of powdery spores was poor, and the color of the base of the stipe was dark. ?
(2) The main function of the fruiting fruiting body is to produce spores and reproduce offspring. The fruiting body of Enoki mushroom consists of three parts: the cap of the mushroom, the pleats, and the stipe. Most of the fruit grows in bundles, and the meat is soft and elastic. Caps are spherical or flat hemispherical, diameter 1.5 ~ 7 cm, when young, spherical, gradually flattening, over-ripe when the edge of wrinkles rolled up. There is a thin glial layer on the surface of the cap, which is sticky when wet, yellowish-white to yellow-brown in color, white in bacteria, thick in the center, thin in edge, white in pleats or ivory in color, more sparse, of different lengths, and separated from the stipe. Bend students. The stipe is central, hollow cylindrical, slightly curved, 3.5 to 15 cm long and 0.3 to 1.5 cm in diameter. The base of the stipe is connected, the upper part is fleshy, the lower part is leathery, and the surface is dark brown and short-pile, densely spore-born. On the solid layer of pleats, the spores are cylindrical and colorless. ?
2. Growth and development conditions?
(1) Nutrition Flammulina velutipes is a saprophytic fungus that can only absorb nutrients from ready-made culture materials through hyphae. In cultivation, the choice of culture material has a great influence on the yield and quality. The nutrients needed for mycelium growth and fruit body development include nitrogen nutrition, sugar nutrition, mineral nutrition, and a small amount of vitamin nutrition. ?
Nitrogen nutrition is a raw material for synthesizing protein and nucleic acid of Flammulina velutipes. In the cultivation ingredients, wheat bran, soybean meal and other raw materials contain a large amount of nitrogen nutrients. Carbohydrates mainly refer to carbohydrates, which are the main source of energy and constituent cells of Flammulina velutipes. Flammulina can use starch, cellulose, and lignin in the culture medium. In the stage of mycelial growth, the carbon and nitrogen ratio of the culture material is preferably 20:1, and the fruit body growth stage is preferably 30-40:1. Mushrooms need mineral elements such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, etc., so a certain amount of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate and other mineral nutrients should be added in the culture. Mushrooms also need a small amount of vitamins, because in the culture materials such as wheat bran, soybean powder contains vitamins to meet the basic needs of mushroom life, so often in the cultivation of vitamins are no longer added. ?
(2) Temperature Flammulina is a low-temperature resistant fungus that grows in the range of 5 to 32°C, but the optimum temperature is 22 to 25°C. Hyphae is more resistant to hypothermia but weaker to high temperature resistance. Above 34°C, growth stopped or even died. The fruiting body differentiation is carried out in the range of 3 to 18°C, but the optimum temperature for forming is 8 to 10°C. Flammulina grew vigorously at low temperature, the temperature was high, the handle was slender, and the cover was small. At the same time, the mushroom can stimulate the primordium of fruiting bodies when the temperature difference between day and night is large. ?
(3) In the stage of water hyphae growth, the moisture content of the culture material is required to be 65% to 70%. Below 60%, mycelia growth is poor. Oxygen is lower than 70% of the culture material, affecting the normal growth of hyphae. The formation stage of the fruit body primordium requires the relative humidity of the air in the environment to be about 85%. During the growth stage of fruiting bodies, the relative humidity of air is kept at about 90%. Humidity of low fruiting bodies can not fully grow, humidity is too high, prone to pests and diseases. ?
(4) Air Flammulina velutipes is an aerobic fungus, and it is necessary to constantly absorb fresh air in the metabolic process. At the stage of mycelium growth, micro-aeration can meet the needs of mycelial growth. In the formation of fruiting bodies, a large amount of oxygen is consumed, especially when cultivated in large quantities. When the accumulated amount of carbon dioxide in the air exceeds 0.6%, the formation of fruit bodies and the development of the cap will be inhibited. (5) The light mycelium and fruiting bodies can grow under completely dark conditions, but the fruiting bodies grow slowly and small under complete dark conditions, forming more malformed mushrooms, and weak scattered light can stimulate the growth of the cap. , Strong light will inhibit the growth of stipe. The mushroom-based mushroom, in its cultivation process, can add paper shading to promote stipe elongation. ?
(6) Acidity and alkalinity Mushrooms require acidic environment. The mycelium can grow in the range of pH 3 to 8.4, but the optimum pH is 4 to 7, and the optimum pH value for fruiting body formation is 5 to 6. ?
Third, the main cultivars?
Artificially cultivated mushroom type, according to the speed of fruiting, sooner or later is divided into early type and late type; according to the temperature can be divided into low temperature type and high temperature type; according to the number of fruiting bodies, can be divided into fine type (multi-handle ) and coarse and thin type (less handle). ?
(1) Sanming No. 1 The bacterium has the following good traits: the mycelium grows quickly, and can be filled for 7 days. The mycelium can fill the bottle or bag for 25 to 30 days. Fast fruiting, more than 30 days can be fruiting; cultivation cycle is short, 70 to 80 days to complete the entire cultivation cycle. High yield, biological efficiency up to 70% to 100%. The quality is good, the stipe size is uniform, and the color is light. The 8 kinds of amino acids required by the human body account for 44.5% of the total amino acids, which is higher than that of ordinary mushrooms. Suitable temperature and wide, 3 ~ 21 °C can be mushroom. Strong resistance, less mushrooms and malformed mushrooms.
(2) The dark-colored lines 007, 008 are yellowish to brownish, and the upper part of the stipe is pale, white to light yellow, and the lower part is dark, golden to dark brown, densely brownish. Strong resistance, after inoculation mycelium eat fast, mushroom early, higher yield. Only slight scattering of light (5 to 10 lux) is required during the growth of the mushroom bud, and the color of the mushroom body increases as the light increases. The dark-colored strain of mushroom has a soft and slippery cover, crispy stipe, and rich aroma. It is suitable for the production of domestic mushrooms. ?
(3) White strain F21 A strain of the Institute of Microbiology, Jiangshan City, Zhejiang Province. Mushrooms are neat, with about 200 strains per stalk. The stalk length is 15 to 23 cm. The white lines are not sensitive to light. Even if the culture environment has strong light scattering, the fruit body is still white, shiny, and suitable for canning or salt processing. ?
White strains of Flammulina velutipes mycelium growth slower, poor resistance, weak anti-miscellaneous ability. When growing in bottles and bags, hyphae are not easy to grow through culture materials. The carbon dioxide tolerance is weak during fruiting. In a poorly ventilated environment, although there are many mushroom buds, the number of mushrooms is small, and the mushroom handles are easily distorted, deformed, or rot. This phenomenon is particularly serious in the later period, so the production often only received the first two mushrooms, so the production is low. The white strain of mushroom is white and suitable for processing into export products. Due to its mild taste, domestic sales are sometimes less popular than dark-colored mushrooms. ?
(4) Hybrid 19 Fujian Sanming fungus research selected breeding, mushroom body white to light yellow, lower yellow to light brown, mycelial growth temperature 3 ~ 30 °C, optimum temperature 22 ~ 24 °C, fruiting body formation temperature 3 ~ 18 °C, optimum temperature 13 ~ 15 °C, biological efficiency 80% ~ 120%. ?
(5) Sujin No. 6 was selected for the study of microorganisms in Jiangsu Province. The mushroom body is white to light yellow to yellow. The optimum growth temperature of the mycelium is 22 to 24°C, the fruiting body formation temperature is 3 to 20°C, the optimum temperature is 13 to 15°C, and the biological efficiency is 80% to 120%. (6) FU088 Institute of Microbiology, Hebei Province, introduced breeding, pure white mushroom body, not easy to open the umbrella, mycelial growth temperature 3 ~ 30 °C, the optimum temperature 22 ~ 24 °C, fruiting body formation temperature 3 ~ 18 °C, the most Appropriate temperature about 12 °C, biological efficiency 60% ~ 80%
(7) F8801 This species is a new strain with strong antibacterial activity in the white mushroom strain. The mycelia of this species has a fast growth rate, many mushroom buds and dense, small caps, not easy to open the umbrella, stipe elongated and uniform, grow in low light, strong light are white, no root adhesion, browning. It is the main varieties of the cold storage in the south and the cultivation of air-raid shelters (above varieties are supplied by the Institute of Edible Fungus, Binhai County, Jiangsu Province).
Fourth, cultivation techniques Flammulina cultivation method There are two kinds of clinker cultivation and raw materials cultivation. ?
1. Cultivate cultivation Cinnamon cultivation refers to cultivation methods in which the culture medium is sterilized under normal pressure or autoclave and inoculated under aseptic conditions. This method has a high success rate, neat mushroom, and high yield. ?
(1) Cultivation of golden needle mushrooms at natural temperatures during the cultivation season is an important part of obtaining high quality and high yields when selecting suitable production seasons. ?
Flammulina velutipes is a low-temperature type of mycelium, mycelial growth range of 7 ~ 30 °C, the best 23 °C; fruiting body differentiation and development range of 3 ~ 18 °C, with 12 ~ 13 °C grow best. Temperatures below 3°C will turn maltose and malformed mushrooms appear. Artificial cultivation should be based on local natural temperatures. In the late autumn in the south and in the middle of the autumn in the north, the natural temperature can be fully utilized and the mycelia can be cultivated. After the physiology of the mycelium matures, the weather gradually cools and the temperature drops, which is suitable for the low temperature climate where fruit bodies grow and develop. Jiangnan provinces are usually inoculated from October to November, after about 1 month of bacterial culture, until 11 to 12 months into the mushroom. The mountains with lower altitudes and the provinces north of the Yangtze River can be inoculated ahead of schedule in September and harvested in November; they can also be inoculated in early spring to warm the spring mushroom. In low-altitude Pingchuan areas, vaccination should be delayed. In order to solve the demand of the summer mushroom market, cold storage can be used to produce mushroom. ?
(2) Cultivation site Flammulina cultivation is divided into two steps: germination and mushrooming. The germination stage requires the site to be kept warm, ventilated and clean. In the mushrooming stage, the best choice is to build a semi-submerged mushroom house in the open air, that is, to dig 1 meter deep underground, and then use a soil with a height of 1 meter to build a plastic film and straw curtain. ?
(3) Ratio of raw materials 1 Cotton hull 100 kg, wheat bran 20 kg, corn flour 5 kg, gypsum powder 2 kg, superphosphate 1 kg, sugar 1 kg. 2 Corn cob (crush) 75 kg, wheat bran 20 kg, corn flour 3.5 kg, gypsum powder 2 kg, soybean surface 1.5 kg, superphosphate 1 kg, sugar 1 kg. ?
Most crop straws such as sorghum husks, sawdust, peanut husks, bean stalks, corn stalks, and rape stalks can be used instead of the corn cob in the formula. However, no matter which raw materials are used, they are required to be fresh, clean, and free of mildew. ?
According to the proportion of good raw materials, in addition to the addition of water soluble sugar, the rest should be mixed evenly. Add water and stir well and allow the water content to reach about 65%, then boring for 2 to 4 hours, then bagging. ?
(4) Bagging Sterilization A plastic bag with a width of 15 to 17 cm and a length of 33 cm is used to produce a mushroom, or a 15 to 17 cm wide and 55 cm long plastic bag with two heads of mushrooms. When the bag is loaded, the edges are compacted and the ends are tied with a string to form a slip knot. According to conventional methods of high pressure or atmospheric pressure sterilization. ?
(5) Inoculate the sterilized plastic bag and inoculate it after cooling to room temperature. The inoculation box was sterilized with 10 ml of formaldehyde and 5 g of potassium permanganate per cubic meter for 30 minutes. Strict operating procedures when inoculation, both ends of the inoculation, generally each bottle (750 g / bottle) can receive 25 to 30 bags. After the inoculation, the bag was moved into the culture room in time. Under the suitable temperature, the mycelium began to germinate in about 24 hours, and the bag was fully grown at room temperature of 20-25°C for about 40-50 days. Inoculated in mid-September, most of the end of October through the transmission of hyphae, called the whole period of bacteria. After the inoculation due to the low temperature, after the fungus half bag, it will be side-climbing material, called half-life mushroom. (6) Mushroom management The method of cultivation of Mushrooms is various and can be summed up in five ways: ?
1 full bag of material, bagging fruiting. ?
2 full bag of material, bagging unripe mushroom. ?
3 half a bag of material, cover paper stands out. ?
4 half a bag of material, filming the mushroom. ?
5 In the middle of the load, the two heads are lying on their backs. ?
The whole period of the cultivation of the cultivation bag fruiting period of the management process to open the bag → roll bag → bag toppler → ventilation moisturizing buds → lift the membrane ventilation for 1 day → to promote the extension of the membrane → harvest → 搔Bacteria irrigation → heat preservation and rejuvenation. The management method is the same as before, until 4 oyster mushrooms are harvested. ?
In the half-growing cultivation bag, during the cultivation period, after the mycelium has been filled with half a bag, both ends have a mushroom formation. At this time, the bacterial bag should be moved into the cultivation field in time according to the management method of full-phase bacteria generation. ?
1 piles of bags. Stacking bags is a new technology that has been explored in production in recent years. Using this technology can improve site utilization, increase production, and improve the quality of mushroom. The specific method is to untie the bag ends and turn the excess plastic bags on the material surface to the material surface. According to the length of the bag, one end can be untwisted or both ends can be untwisted. One end of the mouth is laid out in such a way that the bottoms of the two bags are relatively flat and the height is 5-6 bags, and the length is not limited. Water is sprayed on the ground and around the fruiting plant, and then the plastic bag is used to cover the bag. This method has good heat preservation and moisture retention, and it can accumulate carbon dioxide later, which is beneficial to the growth of stipe. ?
2 moisturizing ventilation buds. After the film to keep the microclimate within the film, air relative humidity 85% to 90%, every morning to open the membrane ventilation for 30 minutes, about 7 to 10 days can be successively mushrooming, after the mushroom can be appropriately increased ventilation, humidity, but not Water is sprinkled on the mushroom body.
3 lift membrane ventilation inhibition. When the length of the handle is 3 to 5 cm, it is necessary to reduce the humidity and cool down. The specific measures are to stop spraying water on the ground, remove the plastic film, and ventilate and ventilate the air. Maintain it for 2 days in the winter and 1 day in the spring and autumn so as to disperse the water on the surface of the material and no longer produce mushrooms. The mushroom that has grown out is also dehydrated due to the base. Re-branch. ?
4 Cultivate quality mushrooms. After the suppression is completed, the shank elongation stage is entered. To cultivate high-quality velvet mushroom with long shank length, white color, and small cover, the relationship among the four factors of temperature, humidity, light, and carbon dioxide concentration must be controlled. ?
A. Temperature: Control at 6-8°C. ?
B. Humidity: The relative humidity of air is 85% to 90%. ?
C. Light: very weak light, the light source position can not be changed, otherwise the fruit is scattered. ?
D. Carbon dioxide: The concentration of 0.11% to 0.15% can promote the elongation of the stipe, exceeding 1% inhibition of the development of the cap, to 3% inhibition of the growth of the cap without inhibiting the growth of the stipe, reaching 5% will not form fruit bodies. Maintain high carbon dioxide concentration by controlling the amount of ventilation. General temperature at 10 ~ 15 °C, into the fast-growing period of 5 to 7 days Mushroom handle can be from 3 cm to 12 to 15 cm, 10 days after it can grow to 15 to 20 cm, then according to the processing of fresh sales standards timely Harvested. ?
5 mushroom water irrigation. After the first oyster mushroom is harvested, the fungus is to be sterilized. That is, the root of the mushroom and the old bacilli are removed by about 0.5 cm with a wire hook, and the material surface is leveled. If the bag is dehydrated, water should be poured into the bag. The excess plastic film on the plastic bag mouth can be pulled up to the material surface to feed nutrient water (two hundred bags per hundred kilograms of water plus mushroom, three large-hormone hormones, two phosphates. Hydrogen potassium 1 kg, triacontanol 3 packets (including 5 g) compound fertilizer 2 kg), 6 to 10 hours after the water is poured out, and then the buds and mushroom management. Under normal circumstances, the mushroom can be harvested 3 to 4 times at a time, and the bioconversion rate can reach 80% to 150%.
2. Raw material cultivation The key to the cultivation of the raw material of the mushroom is to control the temperature and prevent the contamination of the bacteria. The main reason for controlling the temperature is to master the cultivation season. The raw material cultivation time should not be too early, the temperature is stable at about 18 °C for the appropriate sowing period. ?
(1) The bed of bacteria-making bed was first covered with a plastic film that had been disinfected with a 0.2% potassium permanganate solution. The plastic film was 2.5 times wider than the bed of bacteria. First, a small amount of bacteria was sprinkled on the film, and then half of the material was spread. Sprinkle a layer of bacteria on the material surface. The species distribution is less in the middle and lower layers, surrounded by more than the surface, the amount of strains accounts for 10% to 15% of the total amount of feed, bed material thickness of 5 to 8 cm, the bed is slightly compacted after sowing, and then covered with plastic film Face to facilitate moisturizing and moisturizing. The raw material for the cultivation of Flammulina velutipes is best selected from cottonseed husks. In the seasoning, 0.1%--02% of 25% carbendazim or 0.1% Kemodulin is added. The amount of added water should not be too large. Generally, the water content is required to be 60%-65. %. ?
(2) Fungal management After the sowing, the mycelium was overlaid on the material surface and developed toward the deep layer at a temperature of 10°C for about 15 days. If 10 days after sowing, it is found that individual local strains do not germinate, the film can be lifted for 10 to 15 minutes. About 40 days after germination, mycelium can be basically made into open material. After the mycelium of the bed material is thoroughly penetrated, it is uncovered and ventilated every day for 10 to 20 minutes. When the surface of the mushroom bed is white and there are amber drops, the plastic film is held up 20 centimeters above and the newspaper is laid on the newspaper every day. Moisturizing spray, fog particles should be fine, less, uniform, ground, keep the newspaper moist, can not be directly sprayed on the mushroom bed, or easily cause rotten mushrooms. Different developmental stages of fruiting bodies require different relative air humidity. When the stipe reaches 2 cm, the relative humidity in the membrane should be kept at 90%. When the stipe reaches 10 cm, the number of water sprays should be reduced to make the mushroom bed community. The relative humidity of the space air is reduced to 80% to 85%. During the fruiting period, we must pay attention to increase the ventilation of the mushroom house. When the mushroom grows to 12 to 15 cm, harvest it in time and clean the surface of the material. After drying for 1 day, make up the water, cover with a film, and keep moist and promote moisture. Mushroom formation. After harvesting mushrooms, the management method was the same as before. A total of 3 to 4 mushrooms were harvested. ?
Fourth, harvesting and processing?
1. Harvesting The standard of harvesting is that the mushroom cover is slightly unfolded. The freshly-sold mushroom should be harvested when the cap 6-7 is separated. It should not be too late so as to avoid the base of the handle becoming brown and the base villi increased to affect the quality.
2. Grading? (1) The first class cap is semi-circular spherical, 0.5 to 1.3 cm in diameter, stalk length 14 to 15 cm, more than 80% uniformity, no brown root, no impurities. ?
(2) The secondary cap was unopened, semicircularly spherical, 1.2 to 1.5 cm in diameter, 13 to 15 cm in shank length, pale yellow to light brown at the base of the stem, and the colored length not exceeding 1.5 cm without impurities. ?
(3) The tertiary caps are 1.5 to 2 cm in diameter, and the stems are 10 to 15 cm in length. ?
3. Temporary storage? Flammulina edulis is not tolerant to fresh storage and it needs to be processed as soon as possible after harvesting. Temporary storage should be placed in low temperature and dark place. The mushroom body should be diluted and no accumulation should be allowed. Watering of mushrooms should not be allowed. ?
4. The initial processing? After the mushroom body test impurities in the cold water washed twice, removed to the dripping, and then into the boiling water (not with iron, copper pot) boiled for 5 to 10 minutes, remove, rinse after cold water 0.1% to 0.2% citric acid water was sent to the cannery.
5. Salted? (1) Precooked Put 5% to 10% salt water in an aluminum pot to boil, pour in needle mushroom, boil for 5 to 7 minutes, remove and drain the water. ?
(2) Salt Add 25 to 30 kg of salt per 100 kg of mushrooms. First put a layer of salt on the bottom of the tank, add a layer of mushrooms, repeatedly to the cylinder full, and then into the boiling brine after cooling, so that mushrooms soaked in salt water, then add the adjustment solution, so that the solution pH value of about 3.5, insufficient Adjust with citric acid. ?
(3) Manage the winter cylinders once in 7 days, 3 times in total; 2 times in summer, 10 times in total. Generally salted for 20 days before shipping.
6. Canning? Put quality golden needle mushrooms on boiling water for a few minutes and pick them up for decolorization. Then put them in normal saline, make cans, autoclave and sterilize, and make cans. The process is: harvesting → selection → fixing → cooling → dispensing → adding liquid → exhaust → gland → sterilization (123-130°C, 30 minutes-90 minutes) → cooling → heat preservation (38°C) → inspection → finished product .
7. Plastic film vacuum packaging? Polypropylene plastic film packaging, sealed with a high-frequency pump, cryopreservation, in 1 °C environment can be kept fresh for 20 days, 7 ~ 8 °C fresh 10 days.
8. Dried? Fresh dried mushroom or dried to 10% to 12% moisture content. The dried mushroom has a dark color and is not resistant to long-term hiding. The dried mushroom has good color and high quality, but it is costly and durable. ?
V. Prevention and control of pests and germs
1. Use excellent anti-infective species. ?
2. The choice of mushroom house location? Mushroom house must be built into a long strip from north to south, which is conducive to ventilation and ventilation. At the same time pay attention to the environmental sanitation around the mushroom house and do not build the exit near the compost house and livestock house. To stay away from brewing koji factory, it is easy to infect bacteria. ?
3. Disinfection of the cultivation room? The cultivation room must be fumigated and sterilized one day before use. The specific method is:
(1) Formaldehyde potassium permanganate fumigation requires 40% formaldehyde 8 ml per cubic meter of room, 5 g potassium permanganate gasification fumigation, can also use formalin 210 ml per 10 square meters, quicklime 210 grams, concentrated sulfuric acid 21 ml. Pay attention to adding lime, formalin, and finally sulfuric acid, and vaporize immediately after adding it. When fumigation, we must pay attention to the gap between the door and window leakage. ?
(2) The method of fumigation of aerosol disinfectant is 2 - 3g/m3 to produce aerosol in the cultivation room and use it to disinfect it. This gas can corrode metal and clothing and must be disinfected. ?
(3) Bleach disinfectant The efficient bleaching powder is chlorinated lime, magnesium chloride, containing about 40% to 80% of available chlorine. The method of use is 1 gram of bleaching powder plus 1.8 liters of water, allowed to stand for 1 to 2 hours, and the supernatant is sprayed in the room to spray 1 liter per square meter. Inside and outside the mushroom house, the cultivation frame must be fully sprayed with 5% copper sulfate solution. ?
4. Cultivation Management (1) Temperature and Humidity Adjustment High temperature and high humidity are the best environmental conditions for the growth and reproduction of various bacteria. When the outside temperature is high, the relative humidity of the mushroom house should be reduced. Generally, it is required to be controlled at about 85% to 90%. If the humidity is too high, all kinds of molds will occur quickly, which will inevitably affect the yield and quality of the mushroom. Also pay attention to the ventilation of the mushroom house and keep the indoor air fresh. ?
(2) Remove bottles and bags that have been contaminated with bacteria. The bottles and bags that have been contaminated with mushrooms in the mushroom room must be removed from the room in time, burned or buried deeply, and must not be dug or bottled in the mushroom house. Otherwise, the spores will spread to the entire mushroom house, and then contaminate other bottles and bags. (3) After each batch of needle mushroom is harvested, the room must be cleaned and fumigated. ?
(4) Cultivation and management water can be added to bacteria to kill, yellow spot to eliminate, Wan Xiao Ling, etc., can prevent the occurrence of diseases and bacteria. ?
5. Insect pests in a timely manner The pests that injure E. velutipes mainly include scallops, sharp-spotted mosquitoes, and fleas. These pests are particularly severe at elevated temperatures. During the spread of the hyphae, as long as the adults are seen flying out, they must be controlled by insecticides such as mushrooms, insects, insects, etc. These drugs are ideal drugs, and beta-cypermethrin can also be used. (This article was compiled by Han Chaozheng (Senior Fungus Horticultural Worker), Institute of Edible Fungus, Binhai County, Jiangsu Province, China. Tel: 0515--84103012 13851113822)
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