Lasers help push high-energy density physics research

When the pressure exceeds one million times the Earth's atmospheric pressure or 1 billion times, the atomic performance will be very different. Understanding how atoms react under such stressful conditions can lead to the creation of new materials and provide scientists with valuable insights into the composition of stars and planets and the universe itself.

These are some of the reasons why the University of Rochester turned its attention to the relatively new field of high-energy density physics. And another reason is that the university is prepared to make a significant contribution to the field.

Rob Clark, vice president and vice president of research at the University of Rochester, said: "Our researchers and the resources we have put us in a unique position to gain important insights in the field of high-energy density physics."

The University of Rochester Laser Dynamics Laboratory is home to OMEGA lasers. The OMEGA up to 10 meters and up to 100 meters is the largest university-located laser in the world.

Rochester specifically hired Gilbert (Rip) Collins to lead a new multidisciplinary research program in the field of high-energy density physics. Collins was previously director of the High Energy Density Physics Center at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and is now a professor of mechanical engineering / physics and astronomy and a senior scientist at the University's Laser Energy Lab. Collins notes that "this research will make it easier to collaborate on chemistry, engineering, physics and astronomy" to accelerate progress in this area.

Among other things, Collins studied the bonding of atoms under extreme stress conditions. In general, the outermost electrons of an atom react with the electrons of other atoms. However, when the pressure exerted on the atom greatly increases, the internal electrons intervene, and an interesting phenomenon can occur.

Collins notes: "Under extreme pressures, the chemical properties of the elements we are familiar with no longer apply." For different pressure conditions we need a new periodic table of elements. Diamond is a well-known material formed under high pressure. " Carbon is placed 100 miles deep in the Earth, its pressure is higher than the Earth's surface pressure nearly 50,000 times, the temperature is higher than 2000 degrees Fahrenheit, its atomic structure will become very organized, we call it diamond.

However, when it comes to high-energy density physics, this level of stress is still low. At more extreme pressures, such as 2 million atmospheres, sodium can be converted to an insulator; at 10 million atmospheres, hydrogen can become a superconducting superfluid; when the pressure exceeds 200 million atmospheres, aluminum can be made Transparent.

The OMEGA laser above enables researchers to achieve this stress condition.

Collins says: "Many people think of lasers as a high-temperature heat source, but lasers are also a source of high concentration of pressure, and OMEGA lasers allow us to study materials in the millions to billions of atmospheres. The behavior of atoms under extreme stress will allow researchers to purposely manipulate matter to create new, exotic materials. "

Robert McCrory, vice president and director of the laser energy learning lab, said Collins enjoys a high international reputation and is well suited to lead the university's projects. He pointed out that facilities such as the Laser Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore's National Ignition Facility have opened up new physics of high-energy density and ensured the United States leadership in the field.

For the creation of new materials, high-energy density physics can provide more. Michael Campbell, deputy director of the laser energy learning lab, calls the field "enduring science."

He pointed out: "There are always new areas to explore, including the nature of the universe itself. Planetary centers are under pressure over millions of atmospheres and stars are at billions of atmospheres." High-energy density physics can help We know how planets and stars come about, magnetic fields like the earth, and the radiation and energy flow in the sun and other stars. "

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